Research Commercialization Academy (BETA 0.01)

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HOW TO USE THE TECHNOLOGY (short videos)

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Please enter course questions in the forum. Do not email us course questions.

I registered at the website, but didn't receive a confirmation email and can't log in. What should I do?

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What 6 factors are required for unpaid internship for a company listing on the job board?

Click Here for a Labor Department training and employment guidance letter on unpaid internships.

How many S&E grad students and post-docs are there?

2006 statistics put the S&E grad student population in the United States at 597,600 (reference). The number of S&E postdocs at U.S. universities was 49,300 in 2006 (reference).

What is a postdoc?

Postdoctoral fellows ("postdocs") are those who have temporary appointments involving full-time research or scholarship, the purpose of which is to further their education and training.

What are university R&D expenditures?

 

What is the number of researchers in the US?

The estimated number of researchers globally grew from nearly 4 million in 1995 to about 5.7 million in 2007. The United States and the 27 EU members each accounted for about 1.4 million researchers—a combined 49% of the total but below the 51% share they had held a decade earlier. China's researchers more than doubled in number, from just over half a million to more than 1.4 million, boosting its world share from 13% to 25% over the period. (reference)


What is the startup contribution to net job creation?

According to a Kauffman study, since 1980 nearly all net job creation in the U.S. economy has come from firms less than five years old. In most years, without new and young companies, net job creation for the overall economy would be negative.

 


Questions About Copyright

From EFF Blogger Guidelines

 

I found something interesting on someone else's blog. May I quote it?

Yes. Short quotations will usually be fair use, not copyright infringement. The Copyright Act says that "fair use...for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright." So if you are commenting on or criticizing an item someone else has posted, you have a fair use right to quote. The law favors "transformative" uses — commentary, either praise or criticism, is better than straight copying — but courts have said that even putting a piece of an existing work into a new context (such as a thumbnail in an image search engine) counts as "transformative." The blog's author might also have granted you even more generous rights through a Creative Commons license, so you should check for that as well.

 

What is fair use?

There are no hard and fast rules for fair use (and anyone who tells you that a set number of words or percentage of a work is "fair" is talking about guidelines, not the law). The Copyright Act sets out four factors for courts to look at (17 U.S.C. § 107):
  • The purpose and character of the use. Transformative uses are favored over mere copying. Non-commercial uses are also more likely fair.
  • The nature of the copyrighted work. Is the original factual in nature or fiction? Published or unpublished? Creative and unpublished works get more protection under copyright, while using factual material is more often fair use.
  • The amount and substantiality of the portion used. Copying nearly all of a work, or copying its "heart" is less likely to be fair.
  • The effect on the market or potential market. This factor is often held to be the most important in the analysis, and it applies even if the original is given away for free. If you use the copied work in a way that substitutes for the original in the market, it's unlikely to be a fair use; uses that serve a different audience or purpose are more likely fair. Linking to the original may also help to diminish the substitution effect. Note that criticism or parody that has the side effect of reducing a market may be fair because of its transformative character. In other words, if your criticism of a product is so powerful that people stop buying the product, that doesn't count as having an "effect on the market for the work" under copyright law.

 

May I freely copy from federal government documents?

Yes. Works produced by the US government, or any government agency or person acting in a government capacity, are in the public domain. So are the texts of legal cases and statutes from state or federal government. Private contractors working for the government, however, can transfer copyrights to the US government.

Am I free to copy facts and ideas?

Yes. You are free to report the facts and ideas embodied in another person's article or web page. Copyright only protects the expression — the combination of words and structure that expresses the factual information — not the facts themselves.

How many researchers are working in nanotechnology today?

The current estimate is about 20,000 worldwide. The National Science Foundation has estimated that 2 million workers will be needed to support nanotechnology industries worldwide within 15 years.

What is the NSF?

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense…" With an annual budget of about $6.9 billion (FY 2010), we are the funding source for approximately 20 percent of all federally supported basic research conducted by America’s colleges and universities. In many fields such as mathematics, computer science and the social sciences, NSF is the major source of federal backing.

We fulfill our mission chiefly by issuing limited-term grants -- currently about 10,000 new awards per year, with an average duration of three years -- to fund specific research proposals that have been judged the most promising by a rigorous and objective merit-review system. Most of these awards go to individuals or small groups of investigators. Others provide funding for research centers, instruments and facilities that allow scientists, engineers and students to work at the outermost frontiers of knowledge.

Each year, NSF supports an average of about 200,000 scientists, engineers, educators and students at universities, laboratories and field sites all over the United States and throughout the world.

NSF is divided into the following seven directorates that support science and engineering research and education: Biological Sciences, Computer and Information Science and Engineering, Engineering, Geosciences, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences, and Education and Human Resources. Each is headed by an assistant director and each is further subdivided into divisions like materials research, ocean sciences and behavioral and cognitive sciences. Some of the divisions within NSF's Office of the Director also support research and researchers.

What is the Status of the Current S&T Workforce?
NSF’s most current workforce data analysis focuses on the 18.9 million employed scientists and engineers (out of a population of 22.6 million scientists and engineers) in the United States in 2006... The majority of scientists and engineers, according to these NSF data, work in the business/industry sector (69.4%), followed by educational institutions (18.8%) and government (11.8%). (reference)

What is the number of U.S. S&E articles, by field and section: 1995-2008?

Click here for NSF excel

What is the number of U.S. utility patent awards, by selected characteristics of patent owner: 1998–2008?

Click here for NSF excel

 

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